Artificial intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence   ----

 The birth of artificial intelligence 1952-1956 -- The  IBM 702 It is a computer used by the first generation of AI researchers. In the 1940 and 1950, a  some scientists from a variety of fields (mathematics, psychology, engineering, economics and political science) began  to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain. The field of artificial intelligence research was founded as an academic discipline in 1956.Recent research in neurology had shown that the brain was an electrical network of neurons that fired in all-or-nothing pulses. Norbert Wiener's cybernetics described control and stability in electrical networks. Claude Shannon's information theory described digital signals( it is all-or-nothing signals). Alan Turing's theory of computation showed that any form of computation could be described digitally. The close relationship between these ideas suggested that it might be possible to construct an electronic brain. examples of work in this vein includes robots such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. These machines did not use computers, digital electronics or symbolic reasoning, they were controlled entirely by analog circuitry.

 Pitts and Warren McCulloch  analyzed networks of idealized artificial neurons and showed how they might perform simple logical functions. They were the first to describe what later researchers would call a neural network. One of the students inspired by Pitts and McCulloch was a young Marvin Minsky., then a 24-year- old graduate student in 1051(with Dean S. Edmond s ) he built the first neural net machine., the SNARC Minsky( Stochastic Neural Analog "Reinforcement Calculator it is a neural net machine designed by Marvin Lee Minsky. Prompted by a letter from Minsky. George Armitage Miller gathered the funding for the project from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research in the summer of 1051 with the work to be carried out by Minsky . who was then a graduate student in mathematics at Princeton University. At  the time, a physics graduate student at Princeton) was to become one of the most important leaders and innovators in AI for the next 50 years.

The machine is considered one of the first pioneering attempts at the field of artificial intelligence. Minsky went on to be a founding member of MIT's Project MAC, which split to become the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, and is now the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. In 1985 Minsky became a founding member of the MIT Media Laboratory.

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