History of computer
History of Computer
Development of computer or History of computers or Technical evolution of computer
The computer is approximately 3000 years old the first machine which we known is abacus machine was developed by Chinese people 3000 years ago this still be used in Russia Japan and even in India also for primary education It was as a counting device and later an per mathematical calculation so the history of computers does back to 500 BC, when the Chinese invented a calculating machine called Abacus. abacus, a device of counting beads in things or rods, was used to calculate and store the immediate results of mental arithmetic. although the abacus is still widely used in countries like China, Japan and other Asian countries, it does not provide long term storage of information. this machine is capable of carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Napier Bone -- Another manual calculating devices was developed by Scottish mathematician John Napier in this machine used ten strips of bone so numbered that when placed next to each other multiplication. It is called as Napier bone. The upgraded version of this was presented in 1890.
The first mechanical calculating machine was made in 1642 by French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.
History of computer
It was a Arithmetic machine.It was made for tedious Mathematical calculations but it didn't become successful due to different operation and higher cost.
Jacquard's Loom -- Meanwhile in 1801, a French weaver named Joseph Jacquard invented a stiff card with a series of holes punched on it. the card blocked certain threads from entering the loom and let other threads go on to complete the weave. Though they had nothing to do with the history of computer, the idea devised by Jacquard inspired Charles Babbage. Babbage realized that the punched card system could also be used to control the order of calculations in the analytical engine, and he incorporated the device in his machine.
Deference Engine --- Charles Babbage developed a machine in 1822 called Deference engine. This was purely a Mechanical machine consisting of gears and shafts and driven by steam.Charles Babbage's Difference Engine is the first computer to be thought of . The Difference Engine was able to compute the values of a polynomial expression to six decimal digits. It was a special purpose computing machine. In 1833, he thought of building a general purpose computing machine and more advanced than the Difference Engine.
Analytical Engine--- the new machine was Analytical Engine It was also a steam-driven calculator able to perform 60 decimals each, and to handle any type of calculations and other mathematical problems.The input to this machine was based on punch cards. This machine was able to accept instructions through punch cards and store them to produce outputs automatically. His Analytical Engine was built around the same five components
Today, modern computer organization correspond very close by to analytical engine. Charles Babbage's analytical engine was initially supposed useless and therefore Babbage was very disappointed but unexpectedly Lady Ada Augusta, the daughter of famous English Poet Lord Byron joined Babbage and helped him develop instructions for doing computations on his analytical engine. She was also the Countess of Lovelace hence remembered as Lady Lovelace. If Charles Babbage was honored as he father of computer, so the Lady Lovelace was the first programmer in the world. To honor her, a programming language ADA is named after her.
Hollerith Tabulating Machine-- In 1884 Dr. Herman Hollerith who was instructor of USA inventing a machine which used punched cards to store and tabulate data this machine could send punch holes, recognize the number and make required.
In 1911, Hollerith Tabulating Machine company which marked the starting of punch card equipment industry merged with two other companies and in 1924 they became the International Business machine.
Institute of Technology developed a large scale mechanical computer called Differential Analyse. This was a special purpose computer used for calculating complex differential equations.
Harvard Aiken and Mark-- In 1944 Harvard Mark 1 produced by Harvard Aiken from Harvard university of USA. Harvard Aiken and four other engineers of IBM ventured together to develop a machine, officially known as Automatic sequence controlled calculator. This machine was later given the name Mark-I for commercial purpose. It was the first successful mechanical General Purpose Digital Computer.
The Aiken and IBM-Mark-I became obsolete due to electronic technology. In this technology, only signals produced by electric current processed the requirement and no movable parts were required in the devices, based on this technology. Hence it proved faster.
Atanasoff Berry Computer-- In 1945, John Vincent Atanasoff developed an electronic machine which was named ABC. This was first digital electronic computer. Digital concept was also there when machines were mechanical or electro-mechanical.In 1973 a U.S. District Court ruled that the ENIAC principals were taken from the ABC and stated the Atanasoff-Berry Computer as the first computer in the world. Later for his work on the ABC on November 13, 1990, John Vincent Atanasoff was awarded the National Medal of Technology by the President George H.W. Bush.
In 1935, Konard Zuse was a German civil engineer, computer scientist, inventor, businessman and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-controlled Turing-compete Z3 became operational in May 1941. Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process control computer. He founded on of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. From 1943 to 1945 he designed the first high-level programming language.
During 1945-46, John William Mauchly and JP Eckert developed first large general purpose computer at the University of Pennsylvania, the ENIAC- The Electronic Numeric Integrator And Computer.
ENIAC--In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic-Numeric-Integrator and calculator) was the first truly digital computer was built at university of Pennsylvania. It used 18,500 vacuum tubes to store 10 digit number. This computer weighed 30 tons and occupied 1500 square feet of floor space.
In 1956, ENIAC contained 20,000 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors; 10,000 capacitors; and approximately 5,000,000 hand soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short ton(27ton), was roughly 2.4m*0.9m*30m(8ft*3ft*98ft) in size, occupied 1,800 sq ft and consumed 150 kw of electricity. This power requirement led to the rumor that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed . Input was possible from an IBM card reader and an IBM card punch was used for output. These card could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405.
And the development in computers started at a speed which is still the same and increasing day by day.
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| History of Computer |
Development of computer or History of computers or Technical evolution of computer
The computer is approximately 3000 years old the first machine which we known is abacus machine was developed by Chinese people 3000 years ago this still be used in Russia Japan and even in India also for primary education It was as a counting device and later an per mathematical calculation so the history of computers does back to 500 BC, when the Chinese invented a calculating machine called Abacus. abacus, a device of counting beads in things or rods, was used to calculate and store the immediate results of mental arithmetic. although the abacus is still widely used in countries like China, Japan and other Asian countries, it does not provide long term storage of information. this machine is capable of carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Napier Bone -- Another manual calculating devices was developed by Scottish mathematician John Napier in this machine used ten strips of bone so numbered that when placed next to each other multiplication. It is called as Napier bone. The upgraded version of this was presented in 1890.
The first mechanical calculating machine was made in 1642 by French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.
History of computer
It was a Arithmetic machine.It was made for tedious Mathematical calculations but it didn't become successful due to different operation and higher cost.
Jacquard's Loom -- Meanwhile in 1801, a French weaver named Joseph Jacquard invented a stiff card with a series of holes punched on it. the card blocked certain threads from entering the loom and let other threads go on to complete the weave. Though they had nothing to do with the history of computer, the idea devised by Jacquard inspired Charles Babbage. Babbage realized that the punched card system could also be used to control the order of calculations in the analytical engine, and he incorporated the device in his machine.
Deference Engine --- Charles Babbage developed a machine in 1822 called Deference engine. This was purely a Mechanical machine consisting of gears and shafts and driven by steam.Charles Babbage's Difference Engine is the first computer to be thought of . The Difference Engine was able to compute the values of a polynomial expression to six decimal digits. It was a special purpose computing machine. In 1833, he thought of building a general purpose computing machine and more advanced than the Difference Engine.
Analytical Engine--- the new machine was Analytical Engine It was also a steam-driven calculator able to perform 60 decimals each, and to handle any type of calculations and other mathematical problems.The input to this machine was based on punch cards. This machine was able to accept instructions through punch cards and store them to produce outputs automatically. His Analytical Engine was built around the same five components
- Input
- Control
- Store
- A.L.U.
- Output
Today, modern computer organization correspond very close by to analytical engine. Charles Babbage's analytical engine was initially supposed useless and therefore Babbage was very disappointed but unexpectedly Lady Ada Augusta, the daughter of famous English Poet Lord Byron joined Babbage and helped him develop instructions for doing computations on his analytical engine. She was also the Countess of Lovelace hence remembered as Lady Lovelace. If Charles Babbage was honored as he father of computer, so the Lady Lovelace was the first programmer in the world. To honor her, a programming language ADA is named after her.
Hollerith Tabulating Machine-- In 1884 Dr. Herman Hollerith who was instructor of USA inventing a machine which used punched cards to store and tabulate data this machine could send punch holes, recognize the number and make required.
In 1911, Hollerith Tabulating Machine company which marked the starting of punch card equipment industry merged with two other companies and in 1924 they became the International Business machine.
Institute of Technology developed a large scale mechanical computer called Differential Analyse. This was a special purpose computer used for calculating complex differential equations.
Harvard Aiken and Mark-- In 1944 Harvard Mark 1 produced by Harvard Aiken from Harvard university of USA. Harvard Aiken and four other engineers of IBM ventured together to develop a machine, officially known as Automatic sequence controlled calculator. This machine was later given the name Mark-I for commercial purpose. It was the first successful mechanical General Purpose Digital Computer.
The Aiken and IBM-Mark-I became obsolete due to electronic technology. In this technology, only signals produced by electric current processed the requirement and no movable parts were required in the devices, based on this technology. Hence it proved faster.
Atanasoff Berry Computer-- In 1945, John Vincent Atanasoff developed an electronic machine which was named ABC. This was first digital electronic computer. Digital concept was also there when machines were mechanical or electro-mechanical.In 1973 a U.S. District Court ruled that the ENIAC principals were taken from the ABC and stated the Atanasoff-Berry Computer as the first computer in the world. Later for his work on the ABC on November 13, 1990, John Vincent Atanasoff was awarded the National Medal of Technology by the President George H.W. Bush.
In 1935, Konard Zuse was a German civil engineer, computer scientist, inventor, businessman and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-controlled Turing-compete Z3 became operational in May 1941. Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process control computer. He founded on of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. From 1943 to 1945 he designed the first high-level programming language.
During 1945-46, John William Mauchly and JP Eckert developed first large general purpose computer at the University of Pennsylvania, the ENIAC- The Electronic Numeric Integrator And Computer.
ENIAC--In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic-Numeric-Integrator and calculator) was the first truly digital computer was built at university of Pennsylvania. It used 18,500 vacuum tubes to store 10 digit number. This computer weighed 30 tons and occupied 1500 square feet of floor space.
In 1956, ENIAC contained 20,000 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors; 10,000 capacitors; and approximately 5,000,000 hand soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short ton(27ton), was roughly 2.4m*0.9m*30m(8ft*3ft*98ft) in size, occupied 1,800 sq ft and consumed 150 kw of electricity. This power requirement led to the rumor that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed . Input was possible from an IBM card reader and an IBM card punch was used for output. These card could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405.
And the development in computers started at a speed which is still the same and increasing day by day.
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